How Do Solar Panels Work? A Complete Guide

The Science Behind Solar Panels#

Solar panels work by converting sunlight directly into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. This guide explains the complete process from photon to power outlet.

How Photovoltaic Cells Work#

Each solar panel is made up of many photovoltaic cells, typically made from silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, it knocks electrons loose from their atoms, creating an electric current.

The Basic Process#

1. Sunlight hits the panel — Photons from sunlight strike the silicon cells
2. Electrons are released — The photon energy knocks electrons free from silicon atoms
3. Electric field directs flow — The cell’s built-in electric field pushes electrons in one direction
4. DC electricity is generated — The flowing electrons create direct current (DC) electricity

From Panel to Power: The Complete System#

Solar Panels#

The panels themselves are the most visible part of the system. They’re mounted on your roof or ground-mounted in your yard.

Inverter#

Solar panels produce DC electricity, but your home uses AC electricity. An inverter converts DC to AC so your appliances can use the power.

There are two main types:

• String inverters — One central inverter for all panels
• Microinverters — Individual inverters on each panel

Electrical Panel#

The AC electricity flows to your electrical panel (breaker box), where it’s distributed throughout your home.

Utility Meter#

A bidirectional meter tracks both the electricity you consume from the grid and the excess solar electricity you send back.

The Grid#

When your panels produce more than you use, the excess goes to the grid. When they produce less (like at night), you draw from the grid. This is called net metering.

Frequently Asked Questions#

Do solar panels work at night?#

No, solar panels need sunlight to generate electricity. At night, you draw power from the grid or from a battery storage system.

Do solar panels work on cloudy days?#

Yes, but at reduced efficiency. Solar panels can still generate 10-25% of their rated capacity on overcast days.

How long do solar panels last?#

Most solar panels come with a 25-year warranty and can last 30+ years. Learn more in our solar panel lifespan guide .

Ready to see how solar can work for your home? Try our solar calculator or get a free quote .